The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has transformed not just healthcare, but also the economic systems on a global scale. Despite significant efforts to contain the infection, it continues to spread. Stringent infection control measures have been taken to minimise the transmission between individuals and healthcare workers, especially those undertaking aerosols generating medical procedures.
The uncertainties surrounding infection transmission through breath tests in particular, and to some extent faecal testing, will invariably cause concerns among both the patients and the healthcare workers. It is therefore pertinent that all of the necessary measures are adopted to minimise this risk of spreading. In this article, we summarise the physiology and virulence of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the implications for breath testing (in both the clinical and research arena) as well as outlining methods to mitigate these risks.
SARS-CoV-2, Testosterone and frailty in males (PROTEGGIMI): A multidimensional research project.
Preliminary published data depicts a much greater prevalence of malewith laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) referred for intensive care unit admission and severe sequelae in several countries. In this context, males seem to not only be more susceptible to the infection compared to female subjects, at least in western countries, but their case fatality rate attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection is also highest.
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
41C-CB1143 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 259 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
41C-CB1150 |
Fitzgerald |
10 mg |
EUR 985 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
41R-1079 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 127 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
40C-CB1157 |
Fitzgerald |
5 mg |
Ask for price |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
41-GR30 |
Fitzgerald |
10 mg |
EUR 229 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
41-GR31 |
Fitzgerald |
5 mg |
EUR 194.4 |
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
40-GR30 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ml |
EUR 332 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
40-GR30S |
Fitzgerald |
100 ml |
EUR 95 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
goat Anti Rabbit IgG |
E61I01301 |
EnoGene |
1mg |
EUR 172.5 |
goat Anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS8503153-1mg |
MyBiosource |
1mg |
EUR 255 |
goat Anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS8503153-5x1mg |
MyBiosource |
5x1mg |
EUR 1000 |
GOAT ANTI RABBIT IgG |
MBS235217-1mg |
MyBiosource |
1mg |
EUR 245 |
GOAT ANTI RABBIT IgG |
MBS235217-5x1mg |
MyBiosource |
5x1mg |
EUR 925 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539091-INQUIRE |
MyBiosource |
INQUIRE |
Ask for price |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539100-100mL |
MyBiosource |
100mL |
EUR 870 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539100-5x100mL |
MyBiosource |
5x100mL |
EUR 3760 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539169-10mg |
MyBiosource |
10mg |
EUR 605 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539169-5x10mg |
MyBiosource |
5x10mg |
EUR 2570 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539780-10mg |
MyBiosource |
10mg |
EUR 1695 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539780-5x10mg |
MyBiosource |
5x10mg |
EUR 7465 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539800-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 480 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539800-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2005 |
Sheep anti Rabbit IgG |
40-SR35 |
Fitzgerald |
250 ml |
EUR 95 |
|
Description: Sheep anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Mouse anti Rabbit IgG |
40-1005 |
Fitzgerald |
1 mg |
EUR 325 |
|
Description: Mouse anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Mouse anti Rabbit IgG |
40-1006 |
Fitzgerald |
1 mg |
EUR 325 |
|
Description: Mouse anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Sheep anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539206-250mL |
MyBiosource |
250mL |
EUR 200 |
Sheep anti Rabbit IgG |
MBS539206-5x250mL |
MyBiosource |
5x250mL |
EUR 740 |
Anti-Mouse IgG, IgG Fraction, (Polyclonal) (rabbit IgG) |
MBS524044-20mg |
MyBiosource |
20mg |
EUR 390 |
Anti-Mouse IgG, IgG Fraction, (Polyclonal) (rabbit IgG) |
MBS524044-5x20mg |
MyBiosource |
5x20mg |
EUR 1500 |
Anti-Sheep IgG, IgG Fraction, (Polyclonal) (rabbit IgG) |
MBS524070-20mg |
MyBiosource |
20mg |
EUR 390 |
Anti-Sheep IgG, IgG Fraction, (Polyclonal) (rabbit IgG) |
MBS524070-5x20mg |
MyBiosource |
5x20mg |
EUR 1500 |
Anti-Human IgG, IgG Fraction, (Polyclonal) (rabbit IgG) |
MBS524108-20mg |
MyBiosource |
20mg |
EUR 390 |
Anti-Human IgG, IgG Fraction, (Polyclonal) (rabbit IgG) |
MBS524108-5x20mg |
MyBiosource |
5x20mg |
EUR 1500 |
Rabbit IgG anti Goat IgG (Fc specific) |
MBS571302-10mg |
MyBiosource |
10mg |
EUR 625 |
Rabbit IgG anti Goat IgG (Fc specific) |
MBS571302-5x10mg |
MyBiosource |
5x10mg |
EUR 2665 |
Rabbit anti Cat IgG |
40C-CB0222 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 220 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Cat IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Dog IgG |
40C-CB0408 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 248 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Dog IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Dog IgG |
40C-CB0415 |
Fitzgerald |
5 mg |
EUR 333 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Dog IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Rat IgG |
40C-CB1243 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 250 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Rat IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti RBC IgG |
E61I01102 |
EnoGene |
1mg |
EUR 225 |
Rabbit anti Pig IgG |
E61I02301 |
EnoGene |
0.1mg |
EUR 225 |
Rabbit anti RBC IgG |
MBS8579745-1mg |
MyBiosource |
1mg |
EUR 305 |
Rabbit anti RBC IgG |
MBS8579745-5x1mg |
MyBiosource |
5x1mg |
EUR 1220 |
Rabbit anti Pig IgG |
MBS8579752-01mg |
MyBiosource |
0.1mg |
EUR 305 |
Rabbit anti Pig IgG |
MBS8579752-5x01mg |
MyBiosource |
5x0.1mg |
EUR 1220 |
Rabbit anti Goat IgG |
20-S5801R000-VO |
Fitzgerald |
10 ml |
EUR 95 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Goat IgG antibody |
Rabbit anti Goat IgG |
41C-CB0529 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 234 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Goat IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Goat IgG |
40C-CB0536 |
Fitzgerald |
1.5 mg |
EUR 274 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Goat IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Goat IgG |
E61I01002 |
EnoGene |
1mg |
EUR 225 |
Rabbit anti Goat IgG |
MBS539774-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 435 |
Rabbit anti Goat IgG |
MBS539774-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 1815 |
Rabbit anti Human IgG |
40C-CB0943 |
Fitzgerald |
1 mg |
EUR 245 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Human IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Human IgG |
40C-CB0950 |
Fitzgerald |
5 mg |
EUR 394 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Human IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Human IgG |
40C-CB0971 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 315 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Human IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
40C-CB1329 |
Fitzgerald |
500 µg |
EUR 373 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Sheep IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
40C-CB1343 |
Fitzgerald |
500 µg |
EUR 358 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Sheep IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
41-RS45 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 244 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Sheep IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
40-RS50 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ml |
EUR 95 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Sheep IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit Anti Human IgG |
E61I00101 |
EnoGene |
100ug |
EUR 172.5 |
Rabbit anti mouse IgG |
E61I00901 |
EnoGene |
100ug |
EUR 225 |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
E61I01001 |
EnoGene |
100ul |
EUR 225 |
Rabbit anti Horse IgG |
E61I02401 |
EnoGene |
0.1mg |
EUR 225 |
Rabbit anti Horse IgG |
MBS8579753-01mg |
MyBiosource |
0.1mg |
EUR 305 |
Rabbit anti Horse IgG |
MBS8579753-5x01mg |
MyBiosource |
5x0.1mg |
EUR 1220 |
Rabbit anti mouse IgG |
MBS8500183-01mg |
MyBiosource |
0.1mg |
EUR 305 |
Rabbit anti mouse IgG |
MBS8500183-5x01mg |
MyBiosource |
5x0.1mg |
EUR 1220 |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
MBS8505260-01mL |
MyBiosource |
0.1mL |
EUR 305 |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
MBS8505260-5x01mL |
MyBiosource |
5x0.1mL |
EUR 1220 |
Rabbit Anti Human IgG |
MBS8500572-1mg |
MyBiosource |
1mg |
EUR 255 |
Rabbit Anti Human IgG |
MBS8500572-5x1mg |
MyBiosource |
5x1mg |
EUR 1000 |
RABBIT ANTI MOUSE IgG |
MBS235252-1mg |
MyBiosource |
1mg |
EUR 245 |
RABBIT ANTI MOUSE IgG |
MBS235252-5x1mg |
MyBiosource |
5x1mg |
EUR 925 |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
MBS539090-100mL |
MyBiosource |
100mL |
EUR 200 |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
MBS539090-5x100mL |
MyBiosource |
5x100mL |
EUR 740 |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
MBS539215-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 455 |
Rabbit anti Sheep IgG |
MBS539215-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 1900 |
Rabbit anti Bovine IgG |
40C-CB0115 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 265 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Bovine IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Bovine IgG |
40C-CB0129 |
Fitzgerald |
5 mg |
EUR 333 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Bovine IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit Anti-Goat IgG |
BA1034 |
Antagene |
0.5mg |
EUR 269 |
Description: Polyclonal Secondary Antibodies Cy3 Conjugated |
Rabbit Anti-Goat IgG |
BA1091-0.5 |
Antagene |
0.5mg |
EUR 269 |
Description: Polyclonal Secondary Antibodies TRITC Conjugated |
Rabbit Anti-Goat IgG |
BA1091-1 |
Antagene |
1mg |
EUR 350 |
Description: Polyclonal Secondary Antibodies TRITC Conjugated |
Rabbit anti Chicken IgG |
41C-CB0315 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 257 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Chicken IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti Chicken IgG |
40C-CB0322 |
Fitzgerald |
5 mg |
EUR 340 |
|
Description: Rabbit anti Chicken IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit Anti-Mouse IgG |
E-AB-1033-each |
Elabscience Biotech |
each |
Ask for price |
|
Description: Unconjugated |
Rabbit Anti-Human IgG |
BA1035 |
Antagene |
0.5mg |
EUR 269 |
Description: Polyclonal Secondary Antibodies Cy3 Conjugated |
Rabbit Anti-Human IgG |
BA1092-0.5 |
Antagene |
0.5mg |
EUR 269 |
Description: Polyclonal Secondary Antibodies TRITC Conjugated |
Rabbit Anti-Human IgG |
BA1092-1 |
Antagene |
1mg |
EUR 350 |
Description: Polyclonal Secondary Antibodies TRITC Conjugated |
Rabbit Anti-Mouse IgG |
MBS2548758-1mg |
MyBiosource |
1mg |
EUR 150 |
Rabbit Anti-Mouse IgG |
MBS2548758-5x1mg |
MyBiosource |
5x1mg |
EUR 630 |
Rabbit anti Chicken IgG |
MBS536019-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 480 |
Rabbit anti Chicken IgG |
MBS536019-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2005 |
Rabbit Anti-Monkey IgG |
FNSA-0099 |
FN Test |
500 uL |
EUR 367.92 |
|
Description: Rabbit Anti-Monkey IgG secondary antibody |
Rabbit anti alpaca IgG rabbit pAb |
E28PT7952 |
EnoGene |
100μl |
EUR 255 |
Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
Rabbit anti alpaca IgG rabbit pAb |
E44H16517 |
EnoGene |
100ul |
EUR 255 |
Description: Biotin-Conjugated, FITC-Conjugated , AF350 Conjugated , AF405M-Conjugated ,AF488-Conjugated, AF514-Conjugated ,AF532-Conjugated, AF555-Conjugated ,AF568-Conjugated , HRP-Conjugated, AF405S-Conjugated, AF405L-Conjugated , AF546-Conjugated, AF594-Conjugated , AF610-Conjugated, AF635-Conjugated , AF647-Conjugated , AF680-Conjugated , AF700-Conjugated , AF750-Conjugated , AF790-Conjugated , APC-Conjugated , PE-Conjugated , Cy3-Conjugated , Cy5-Conjugated , Cy5.5-Conjugated , Cy7-Conjugated Antibody |
Rabbit anti alpaca IgG rabbit pAb |
UB-GEN-12329 |
UpingBio |
100 ul |
EUR 200 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
41C-CB1136 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 234 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
70R-IG011 |
Fitzgerald |
1.5 mg |
EUR 348 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc secondary antibody |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
70R-IG017 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 347 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc secondary antibody |
GOAT ANTI RABBIT IgG (Fc) |
MBS235249-1mg |
MyBiosource |
1mg |
EUR 265 |
GOAT ANTI RABBIT IgG (Fc) |
MBS235249-5x1mg |
MyBiosource |
5x1mg |
EUR 1020 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (Fc) |
MBS316567-2mL |
MyBiosource |
2mL |
EUR 590 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (Fc) |
MBS316567-5x2mL |
MyBiosource |
5x2mL |
EUR 2485 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (Fc) |
MBS316619-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 295 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (Fc) |
MBS316619-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 1150 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
MBS539776-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 435 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
MBS539776-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 1815 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
MBS534059-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 485 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
MBS534059-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2030 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
MBS535045-15mg |
MyBiosource |
1.5mg |
EUR 490 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fc |
MBS535045-5x15mg |
MyBiosource |
5x1.5mg |
EUR 2055 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
43C-CB1141 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 397 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (HRP) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
43C-CB1148 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 353 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (HRP) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
43C-CB1155 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 344 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (HRP) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
43C-CB1162 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 376 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (HRP) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
43R-1495 |
Fitzgerald |
1 mg |
EUR 115 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (HRP) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fab |
MBS573197-1mL |
MyBiosource |
1mL |
EUR 365 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG Fab |
MBS573197-5x1mL |
MyBiosource |
5x1mL |
EUR 1490 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
MBS538611-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 620 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
MBS538611-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2635 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
MBS538619-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 655 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
MBS538619-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2805 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
MBS539812-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 595 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
MBS539812-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2515 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
MBS539843-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 715 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (HRP) |
MBS539843-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 3075 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
43C-CB1137 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 256 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (FITC) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
43C-CB1144 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 293 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (FITC) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
43C-CB1158 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 418 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (FITC) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
43R-1494 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 176 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (FITC) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
43-GR59 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 276 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (FITC) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
MBS538607-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 540 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
MBS538607-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2280 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
MBS538616-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 750 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
MBS538616-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 3230 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
MBS539784-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 480 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
MBS539784-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2005 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
MBS539825-2mg |
MyBiosource |
2mg |
EUR 500 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (FITC) |
MBS539825-5x2mg |
MyBiosource |
5x2mg |
EUR 2105 |
goat Anti Rabbit IgG-HRP |
E61I01303 |
EnoGene |
1mg |
EUR 345 |
Anti-DR5 [304], Rabbit IgG |
MBS488920-02mg |
MyBiosource |
0.2mg |
EUR 520 |
Anti-DR5 [304], Rabbit IgG |
MBS488920-5x02mg |
MyBiosource |
5x0.2mg |
EUR 2160 |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (biotin) |
43C-CB1140 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 297 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (biotin) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (biotin) |
43C-CB1147 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 373 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (biotin) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (biotin) |
43C-CB1154 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 297 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (biotin) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (biotin) |
43C-CB1161 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 376 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (biotin) |
Goat anti Rabbit IgG (biotin) |
43R-1493 |
Fitzgerald |
2 mg |
EUR 167 |
|
Description: Goat anti Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (biotin) |
goat Anti Rabbit IgG-FITC |
E61I01304 |
EnoGene |
1mg |
EUR 431.25 |
Therefore, we may speculate that the different hormonal milieu could have a more profound pathophysiological role in association with SARS-CoV-2, with endogenous testosterone leaving men more prone to develop more serious complications related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Another option is that SARS-CoV-2 infection per se causes an acute stage of male hypogonadism, the depletion of androgenic action triggering serious or an even fatal course of the disease.
Therefore, we stongly advocate the development of a prospective multidimensional andrological translational research project in men, which we called the PROTEGGIMI study. In this Opinion Article we will not only highlight novel research activity in this area but also invite other researchers and learned scientific societies to join us in our efforts to understand an important and very newly discovered gap in knowledge, which may have serious implications for the lives of millions of men.